How does the token 2022 program provide confidential transfer functionality?

Could you elaborate on how the Token 2022 program specifically facilitates confidential transfer functionality? Are there any specific technologies or protocols employed to ensure the privacy and security of transactions? How does it compare to other similar initiatives in the cryptocurrency space? Is the confidentiality ensured at every stage of the transaction, from initiation to completion? What measures are taken to protect against potential vulnerabilities or exploits? Understanding the underlying mechanisms would be invaluable for potential investors and users.